Hepatoprotective and Anti-Hepatitis effect of non pharmacopoeial compound formulation on CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats

47-51To evaluate the anti-hepatitis activity of non-pharmacopoeial compound formulation on CCl4 induces hepatotoxicity in albino rats.CCl4 is used to produce hepatic damage in albino rats in the dose of 2 mL/kg BW, i.p. for 6 days. The anti-hepatitis effect of low dose (70 mg/100 g), high dose (140 mg/100 g) and 50% ethanolic extract (15 mg/100 g) of non-pharmacopoeial compound formulation (Majoon) was assessed in CCl4 (2 mL/kg BW i.p.) induce hepatic damage in albino rats. The biochemical parameters such as SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein were estimated and the antioxidant activity was also estimated. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological study of liver sections. Silymarin (10 mg/100 g B.W.p.o.) was used as a standard hepatoprotective drug for positive control. Data was analysed by one way ANOVA test. Administration of non-pharmacopoeial compound formulation and its extract significantly prevented CCl4 induced elevation of serum ALT, AST, ALP, total billirubin and total protein level. The histopathological study revealed hepatocytes regeneration. The test drug also decreases lipid peroxidaion. So, the test drug was found effective as anti-hepatitis and antioxidant effect. The result was comparable to that of Silymarin. The results of present study show that the compound formulation has significant anti-hepatitis activity

Pervasiveness of Library Anxiety among the Students of Library and Information Science: An Assessment

Library anxiety is a real and prevalent phenomenon. Some students feel uncomfortable or discouraging while using or contemplating the use of library. These feelings may affect the academic performance of students, cause library avoidance and impede them from getting the best out of library resources. The present study is conducted with an aim to assess the pervasiveness of library anxiety among the graduate students of Library and Information Science enrolled in public sector universities of Pakistan. . The Multidimensional Library Anxiety Scale, consisting of six dimensions which are divided into 53 statements, was used for this study. The Cronbach’s alpha value of overall MLAS was .88. The findings of the study confirmed the presence of a mild level of library anxiety on all the six dimensions of MLAS among the students of Library and Information Science. The study suggests measures to mitigate library anxiety among the students

Library Anxiety of LIS Students in Universities of Pakistan: A Measurement Using MLAS

The present study was conducted with an aim to determine the level of library anxiety among the graduate students of Library and Information Science enrolled in public sector universities of Pakistan. The Multidimensional Library Anxiety Scale developed and validated by Dr. Doris Van Kampen, was used for this study. The data was collected from 511 students of MLIS studying in different library schools of Pakistan. The collected data was then analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The findings of the study indicated that graduate students of Library and Information Science exhibited overall a mild level of library anxiety on all the six dimensions of MLAS. There was statistically no significant difference in the level of library anxiety among male and female graduate students of LIS and also in the frequency of library use, on the level of library anxiety. The study also provides recommendations to overcome the library anxiety

Interactions of short chain phenylalkanoic acids within ionic surfactant micelles in aqueous media

% SDS KR nema Solubilization and interactions of phenylalkanoic acids induced by cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was investigated spectrophotometrically at 25.0°C. The UV spectra of the additives (acids) were measured with and without surfactant above and below critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the surfactant. The presence of alkyl chain in phenylalkanoic acids is responsible for hydrophobic interaction resulting in shift of the spectra towards longer wavelength (red shift). The value of partition coefficient (Kx) between the bulk water and surfactant micelles and in turn standard free energy change of solubilization (ΔGpº) were also estimated by measuring the differential absorbance (ΔA) of the additives in micellar solutions

Treatment Of Tetanus Using Magnesium Sulphate Infusion

Objectives: The control of seizures effectively requires musle relaxation continuously. Magnesium sulphate is a very effective drug in this regard to control seizures in tetanus.Study Design: Prospective Observational study.Setting: Medicine ward of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur Punjab Pakistan.Patients And Methods: All patients from may 2015 to Jan 2016 were treated according to our protocol using magnesium sulphate infusion and titrating it with deep tendon reflexes.Results: Total 40 cases were studied with median age of 36 years. 25 were males and 15 were females. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Average incubation period was 16 days. Twenty patients recovered from the disease. Mortality was more in females (20%) as compared to males (8%). The highest risk factor causing resistance in females to the therapy was septic abortions. Seven patients were found resistant and admitted in ICU and required ventilator support ultimately expired.Conclusion: Magnesium sulphate is very effective in reducing muscular spasm in patients having tetanus. It is cost effective treatment

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use / Land Cover in Swat, Pakistan Using Supervised Classification in Remote Sensing: 2000 to 2015

Changes in land use and land cover affect the social, economic and natural aspects of any area. Mostly land use and land cover (LULC) changes are the result of population growth and human activities in the form of urban agglomerations and industrialization etc. Physical factors like soil structure and type, slope condition, topography are main aspects. Land use change defines the historical pattern that how people used that specific land which depends on the availability of resources and economic conditions. LULC changes may trigger the detrimental effects like increase in natural hazard events and changes in climatic patterns. Climatic pattern directly affects the precipitation, groundwater recharge, the amount of evapotranspiration and runoff generation. On regional and local scale, LULC change is a far-reaching issue because environment and climate condition depend on i

Occupational exposure to HIV in a developing country: assessing knowledge and attitude of healthcare professional before and after an awareness symposium

Objective: Health care providers (HCPs) are at risk of occupational exposure to HIV infection. In developing world these exposure occur due to general lack of awareness, education and structured training of HCPs. The objective of the study was to asses if continuing medical education symposium can be used as an effective educational tool to improve attitude, awareness and knowledge regarding occupational exposure to HIV infection. This quasi-experimental study was conducted among HCPs from Karachi, Pakistan. After assessing the baseline knowledge, awareness, and attitude by means of pretest; HCPs were reassessed with posttest after an education symposium on occupational exposure to HIV infection. Results: Among 364 participating HCPs, 14.2% had previous training on post exposure prophylaxis. There was an overall statistically significant (P value \u3c 0.001) improvement in the attitude of the participants. A statistically positive improvement in the number of participants giving correct answer was observed in 9 out of 11 questions (P value \u3c 0.001). The mean score of participants’ knowledge before intervention was 6.44 ± 1.84, which improved to 8.82 ± 2.17. Along with the increase in knowledge, a positive change in the attitude regarding safety against HIV was observed after the education symposium

Development of zerovalent iron and titania (Fe0/TiO2) composite for oxidative degradation of dichlorophene in aqueous solution: synergistic role of peroxymonosulfate (HSO5−)

Abstract Binary composite of zerovalent iron and titanium dioxide (Fe0/TiO2) was synthesized for the catalytic removal of dichlorophene (DCP) in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The as-prepared composite (Fe0/TiO2) exhibits synergistic effect and enhanced properties like improved catalytic activity of catalyst and greater magnetic property for facile recycling of catalyst. The results showed that without addition of PMS at reaction time of 50 min, the percent degradation of DCP by TiO2, Fe0, and Fe0/TiO2 was just 5%, 11%, and 12%, respectively. However, with the addition of 0.8 mM PMS, at 10 min of reaction time, the catalytic degradation performance of Fe0, TiO2, and Fe0/TiO2 was significantly improved to 82%, 18%, and 88%, respectively. The as-prepared catalyst was fully characterized to evaluate its structure, chemical states, and morphology. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that in composite TiO2 causes dispersion of agglomerated iron particles which enhances porosity and surface area of the composites and X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) results revealed successful incorporation of Fe0, and oxides of Fe and TiO2 in the composite. The adsorption–desorption analysis verifies that the surface area of Fe0/TiO2 is significantly larger than bare Fe0 and TiO2. Moreover, the surface area, particle size, and crystal size of Fe0/TiO2 was surface area = 85 m2 g−1, particle size = 0.35 μm, and crystal size = 0.16 nm as compared to TiO2 alone (surface area = 22 m2 g−1, particle size = 4.25 μm, and crystal size = 25.4 nm) and Fe0 alone (surface area = 65 m2 g−1, particle size = 0.9 μm, and crystal size = 7.87 nm). The as-synthesized material showed excellent degradation performance in synthesized wastewater as well. The degradation products and their toxicities were evaluated and the resulted degradation mechanism was proposed accordingly. The toxicity values decreased in order of DP1 \u3e DP5 \u3e DP2 \u3e DP3 \u3e DP4 and the LC50 values toward fish for 96-h duration decreased from 0.531 to 67.2. This suggests that the proposed technology is an excellent option for the treatment of antibiotic containing wastewater.Graphical abstrac

Optical Tomography System Using Charge-Coupled Device for Transparent Object Detection

This research presents an application of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography system. Optical tomography is a non-invasive and non-intrusive method of capturing a cross-sectional image of multiphase flow. The measurements are based on the final light intensity received by the sensor and this approach is limited to detect solid objects only. The aim of this research is to analyse and demonstrate the capability of laser with a CCD in an optical tomography system for detecting objects with different clarity in crystal clear water. Experiments for detecting transparent objects were conducted. The object’s diameter and image reconstruction can also be observed. As a conclusion, this research has successfully developed a non-intrusive and non-invasive optical tomography system that can detect objects in crystal clear water